Satelit buatan manusia pertama adalah Sputnik 1, diluncurkan oleh Soviet pada tanggal 4 Oktober 1957, dan memulai Program Sputnik Rusia, dengan Sergei Korolev sebagai kepala disain dan Kerim Kerimov sebagai asistentnya. Peluncuran ini memicu lomba ruang angkasa (space race) antara Soviet dan Amerika.
Sputnik 1 membantuk mengidentifikasi kepadatan lapisan atas atmosfer dengan jalan mengukur perubahan orbitnya dan memberikan data dari distribusi signal radio pada lapisan ionosphere. Karena badan satelit ini diisi dengan nitrogen bertekanan tinggi, Sputnik 1 juga memberi kesempatan pertama dalam pendeteksian meteorit, karena hilangnya tekanan dalam disebabkan oleh penetrasi meteroid bisa dilihat melalui data suhu yang dikirimkannya ke bumi.
Sputnik 2 diluncurkan pada tanggal 3 November 1957 dan membawa awak mahluk hidup pertama ke dalam orbit, seekor anjing bernama Laika.

•Pernyataan hipotesis

  Suatu unsur dengan nombor jisim A dan  

nombor atom Z mengandungi Z proton dan 

(A - Z) neutron yang terkandung di dalam  

nukleus. Sebanyak Z elektron bergerak  

mengelilingi nukleus bagi menjadikan suatu 

atom yang neutral.

•Contoh: 7N14 ® 7 proton + (14 - 7) = 7 neutron

• Bagaimana hipotesis ini sesuai?

•Memenuhi hukum keabadian momentum sudut

  Neutron seperti juga proton mempunyai spin . Oleh itu, hukum keabadian momentum sudut dapat dipenuhi  berdasarkan kandungan nukleus mengikut hipotesis proton-neutron.

Momentum Sudut Nukleus (angular momentum)

Momentum sudut nukleus

I ialah spin suatu nukleus:

Contoh:

Atom Nitrogen dengan A = 14 dan Z = 7 (14 proton dan 7 elektron dalam nukleus).

7N14  14 proton + 7 elektron

 ½+14×(h/2) + ½+7×(h/2)

= (21/2)(h/2)

Momentum sudut bagi atom nitrogen (A genap) bernilai sifar atau satu integer.

Oleh itu, hukum keabadian momentum sudut tidak dipenuhi.

Kesimpulannya hipotesis proton-elektron hanya dapat memenuhi hukum keabadian momentum sudut bagi unsur dengan A-genap, Z-genap dan unsur dengan A-ganjil, Z-ganjil dan tidak bagi unsur dengan A-genap, Z-ganjil dan unsur dengan A-ganjil, Z-genap.

This is a course aims at removing some of the mysteries out of using a computer to do meaningful physical calculation. Students will be introduced to a number of basic methods on how to investigate common introductory physics problems using the fast calculator commonly known as computer.

Students will be taught basic computer programming using Java language in Linux or Windows environment.

Result of calculation will be printed to screen for immediate inspection. Large output then can easily be redirected to a file in the hard disk and using a command line visualization program the data in the file may be plotted onto graphic screen and the graph can be saved as an image in various file format.

Students will also be introduce to ways on how to do computation across computer network and how to visualize result of computation from remote machine on local machine.

Learning outcomesOn successful completion of this course, student should be able, at threshold level, to:

• formulate and culculate simple physics problems using computer.
• design a simple interface for interactive physics solver.
  
• develope a java program for solving elementary physics problem.

Generic skill benefitted out of this courseOn participating in lab and practical assignments, student should acquire the following computer related skill;

• hands on familiarity with unix like operating system; console command line mode and X windows GUI mode,
  
• experience with working on client server environment specifically using ssh, and
  
• experience with using java programming language in intergrated development environment (IDE) specifically netBean 5.x.x.

SSP 2213 FIZIK NUKLEUS(NUCLEUS PHYSICS)

Introduces some major concepts and theories in nuclear physics which include a basic concept of interaction processes of nuclear radiation so that the students will have an appreciation of nuclear physics.  The course begins with understanding the basic knowledge of the constituents of nucleus and the properties of nuclear forces. Radiation sources, types and properties of ionizing radiation and the nuclear decay process and the properties of ionizing radiations will be discussed. The interactions of nuclear radiations with mater and mechanism of nuclear reaction are also covered. Some basic concept on radioactivity including radioactive decay law, radioactive decay series and radioactive equilibriums and some nuclear models such as liquid drop model, shell model and optical model of the nucleus will be introduced.   Upon completion, students should be able to describe the nuclear structure and reactions based on the liquid drop, shell and optical models. The students should also be able to discuss radioactivity, radioactive decay, radioactive equilibrium and the sources of radioactivity and ionising radiation, including their interactions with matter.